Ford and Lincoln vehicles equipped with wired keyless entry keypad systems and accessory wireless keyless entry keypad systems may or may not come with a wallet card containing the master code. Unlike the integrated wired keypad, the accessory wireless keypad master code cannot be retrieved from the vehicle using a diagnostic scan tool or from the label printed on the body control module (BCM). The Factory Keyless Entry Code application within the diagnostic scan tool will not provide an applicable master code for the accessory wireless keypad. If the wallet card for an accessory keypad is not available, the "Wireless RF Keypad Diagnosis Guide" can be referenced and provides direction on how
full bulletin at NHTSA ↗2012 Ford Focus electrical problems
moderate 208 complaints filed with NHTSA · avg repair $850 · see electrical across all vehicles →
Failure mileage
Complaints
208
Recalls
0
Avg fix
$850
5crashes
3fires
2injuries
What stands out
Of the 14 model years of Ford Focus we track for electrical problems, this one carries the most owner complaints on file — 208.
Owners have filed 208 electrical complaints with NHTSA against this vehicle, but no formal recall covers the issue — the federal record reflects what manufacturers have admitted, not everything owners are reporting.
Is there a fix? Manufacturer service bulletins
The manufacturer has issued service bulletins covering electrical on this vehicle — documented repair instructions, service campaigns, or warranty extensions sent to dealers. A TSB isn't a recall (it's not a free safety remedy), but it's the manufacturer acknowledging the issue and how to fix it.
Some 2012-2020 Ford and Lincoln vehicles equipped with a TCU may exhibit an inoperative remote start with a 'Vehicle Failed To Start' message when using MyFord Mobile/Ford Pass/Lincoln Way mobile applications. The cellular cloud systems will only allow two remote start requests from the MyFord Mobile/Ford Pass/Lincoln Way apps without a vehicle drive event occurring. If a third remote start request is received, a Vehicle Failed To Start message will be displayed quickly in the mobile app. Once the vehicle is driven, the remote start counter is reset and will allow remote start commands to be sent from the mobile app. If the remote start system is not functioning using the key fob, refer to W
full bulletin at NHTSA ↗Some 2012-2016 Focus Electric vehicles built on 15-Sep-2011 and through 9-Dec-2015 may exhibit a Stop Safely Now message displayed in the instrument panel cluster (IPC) message center. This may be due to either an internal coolant leak on the upper or lower high voltage battery or corrosion on the lower high voltage battery connector caused by water ingress. If this occurs, the vehicle may not restart once it has been shut off. To resolve the condition, follow the Service Procedure to replace the upper and lower high voltage battery or apply corrosion protection.
full bulletin at NHTSA ↗Some 2012-2018 Focus Electric vehicles may exhibit a Stop Safely Now message displayed in the instrument panel cluster (IPC) message center. This may be due to either an internal coolant leak on the upper or lower high voltage battery or corrosion on the lower high voltage battery connector caused by water ingress. If this occurs, the vehicle may not restart once it has been shut off. To resolve the condition, follow the Service Procedure to replace the upper and lower high voltage battery or apply corrosive protection.
full bulletin at NHTSA ↗For Ford and Lincoln vehicles that require positive or negative battery terminal replacement, it is not necessary to replace the complete battery cable harness (14300 and 14301) for this concern. Positive battery cable clamp BT4Z-14450-AA and negative battery cable clamp BT4Z-14450-BA are available for this type of repair. Do not cut or shorten the battery cable, instead carefully remove the affected battery cable clamp and clean the cable end as necessary to preserve wire length. Some rework may be necessary for some vehicle environments. Bend the new positive battery cable clamp as needed and crimp it to the existing battery cable. Make sure to use heat shrink tubing over the battery cable
full bulletin at NHTSA ↗Source: NHTSA manufacturer communications. Bring the bulletin number to your dealer or shop.
The failure pattern owners describe
Owners consistently report transmission control module (TCM) failures starting early in ownership, with loss of drive engagement, inability to accelerate, or sudden stalling—often at highway speeds or in traffic. Multiple owners describe having the TCM replaced multiple times, with the same symptoms returning within months or thousands of miles. Dealerships struggle to source replacement parts due to long backorders, leaving owners in unsafe vehicles. Ford's 2012 customer satisfaction programs and extended warranties have not resolved the issue; one owner had transmission components replaced under warranty at 51,000 miles, only to experience identical failure at 60,000.
A widespread audio system defect causes random loud popping, crackling, and static bursts from the speakers, even when the radio is off or muted—sometimes continuing after the engine is shut off. Multiple owners found over 100 people online with the same problem and discovered the root cause was defective aluminum electrolytic capacitors on the stereo's circuit board. Dealerships claim they've never seen the issue and cannot repair it.
The trunk lid wiring harness is a persistent weak point: wires break, fray, or corrode over time, triggering false "Luggage Compartment Open" warnings that beep constantly while driving, disabling the trunk latch, causing backup lights to fail, and creating brake lamp fault warnings. Related electrical issues include horn failure, intermittent wiper malfunction (blades detaching mid-use), power window failures, and dim or flickering interior and exterior lights. Many owners solved these issues themselves by repairing or replacing the frayed trunk harness wires.
Same Ford Focus electrical reports on nearby years: 2010 · 2011 · 2013 · 2014 · 2015
Failure modes owners describe
Transmission Control Module (TCM) failure with loss of drive/acceleration
TCM malfunctions causing loss of drive engagement, inability to accelerate, jerking, hesitation, shuddering, or unexpected stalling while driving. Multiple owners report the transmission acts as if in neutral despite shifter in drive, particularly when accelerating from a stop or at highway speeds.
When: 2,500–120,000 miles; most common first 2 years of ownership
Symptoms owners cite: Loss of acceleration despite pressing gas pedal; Drive light flashing when trying to accelerate; Transmission disengagement (acts like car in neutral); Jerking, shuddering, hesitation on acceleration; Car won't move when put in drive or reverse; Loss of transmission power mid-highway; Multiple sudden stalls without warning
Codes mentioned: Transmission Control Module failure, Transmission not responding, Check engine light (P-series transmission codes implied)
Repairs/costs cited: Multiple TCM replacements required; some owners report having TCM replaced 3–5+ times. One owner had transmission components (seals, clutch) replaced per Ford service program at 51,095 miles, with same issue recurring at 60,000 miles. Dealerships report difficulty sourcing replacement TCM parts (multi-month backorders cited). Costs not explicitly stated but described as expensive.
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: Ford issued customer satisfaction program (12B37, 2012) and extended transmission warranty programs (14M01 clutch shudder, 14M02 TCM extended warranty). Software updates and TCM reprogramming attempted but owner reports these do not address root cause. Ford's 'not-quite-recall' program limited repairs to certain components; owners report fixes are temporary or ineffective. Some owners denied warranty coverage claiming TCM not covered under extended program despite being listed.
Audio system (stereo/radio) static, popping, crackling, and loud noise bursts
Faulty audio system electronics cause spontaneous loud popping, crackling, static, and thumping sounds from speakers at random intervals, even when radio is off or volume is down. Sounds can continue after engine is shut off and keys removed. Multiple owners cite defective electrolytic capacitors in printed circuit board (PCB) as root cause.
When: 37,000–100,000+ miles; typically emerges 1+ years after purchase
Symptoms owners cite: Loud random thumping and popping from speakers; High-decibel static and crackling; Noise occurs even when radio is off or volume muted; Noise continues after car is shut off and parked; Audio cuts out then bursts with noise without warning; Intermittent, escalating in frequency and intensity; Noise occurs unpredictably while driving, causing distraction and near-accidents
Repairs/costs cited: Owners report replacing entire radio/audio system for $800+. One experienced technician identified defective aluminum electrolytic capacitors on PCB as cause; replacement of these capacitors resolved issue for at least two owners on focusfanatics.com forum. Dealerships typically claim issue cannot be found or repaired.
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: No recalls issued. Dealerships report they have not seen this issue and cannot provide repairs. Ford has not acknowledged systematic PCB defect.
Intermittent failure to start; transmission control module-related no-crank
Engine will not turn over or crank despite electrical systems (radio, lights, dash) functioning normally. Problem often related to TCM not recognizing Park position, preventing engine start. Issues range from 30-second delays to nearly 45-minute startup failures. May resolve after letting car sit or occur intermittently when warm.
When: Various mileages; timing variable and unpredictable
Symptoms owners cite: Engine will not crank or turn over; No starter engagement despite ignition key turned; All electrical systems work (lights, radio, dashboard); Dash shows 'Hill Assist Not Available' warning; TCM does not recognize Park; shifting to Neutral allows start; Startup delays from seconds to 45 minutes; Occurs after car warms up; resolves when cooled; Battery appears drained overnight despite no obvious drain
Codes mentioned: Transmission Control Module failure, Security code issue (key not recognized), Hill Assist Not Available warning
Repairs/costs cited: TCM replacement reported to resolve issue in some cases. One owner's friend with same model had TCM swapped at dealership and issue resolved. Battery replacement attempted by multiple owners but did not fix underlying problem.
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: No TSB or recall explicitly referenced. One dealership denied ever hearing of the issue. Another owner contacted Ford dealership and was refused to address problem.
Complete electrical system shutdown/loss of power while driving
Vehicle loses all electrical function and engine power while driving at highway speeds, with no warning lights or messages beforehand. Transmission loses engagement, power steering fails, dashboard goes dark. Vehicle may restart after sitting or restarting multiple times.
When: Intermittent, 55+ mph highway speeds; one incident at 25 mph
Symptoms owners cite: Complete electrical system failure while driving; All dashboard lights go dark; Engine shuts off at highway speed; No power steering; Transmission will not engage after restart; Vehicle coasts to shoulder; May restart spontaneously after 5 minutes or after manual restart attempts; No warning provided before failure
Repairs/costs cited: Owner suspects transmission defect; one case involved defective clutch replacement part (Ford issued letter stating replacement part was defective and may need re-replacement, with extended warranty to 100,000 miles). No specific repair documented in narratives.
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: Ford acknowledged that the particular model does have some issues but provided no explanation. Advised owner to 'feel lucky' not to have been killed.
Wiper system malfunction (intermittent failure, driver-side blade detachment)
Wiper blades detach or stop working mid-use. Driver-side wiper flies off during operation, then won't stay secured. Wipers get stuck midway through windshield or fail to retract. Passenger-side wiper also gets stuck but sometimes self-corrects.
When: Around 45,000 miles or after recent blade installation/re-installation
Symptoms owners cite: Driver-side wiper blade flies off during use; Blade will not stay attached after reinstallation; Wiper stops midway across windshield and gets stuck; Wiper must be flipped on/off multiple times to resume; Passenger-side wiper also gets stuck mid-cycle; Poor blade grip or mounting issue
Repairs/costs cited: Blade replacement attempted multiple times; issue recurs within weeks. Root cause appears to be faulty mounting or motor mechanism, not blade quality.
Horn failure (intermittent or complete)
Horn becomes non-functional or intermittently works. May work briefly after bump or impact, then fail again. Fuses check out normal.
When: Unpredictable; onset varies from soon after purchase to years later
Symptoms owners cite: Horn does not work when pressed; Works intermittently after bumps/impacts; Horn fails again shortly after brief operation; All horn-related fuses appear intact; No audible response to horn button press
Repairs/costs cited: One dealership temporarily 'fixed' horn with a screwdriver to make it work temporarily. No permanent repair documented.
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: Dealership attempted temporary fix with screwdriver rather than proper repair.
Body Control Module (BCM) failure
BCM malfunction causing various electrical gremlins including inability to lock doors, lighting issues, inability to disengage transmission or start vehicle, and loss of electrical function mid-drive.
When: 95,000+ miles; one case at 120,000 miles
Symptoms owners cite: Engine will not turn off (fuel fuse required to shut down); Vehicle lighting remains on after engine shut off; Transmission will not engage; Loss of all electrical function while driving; Doors fail to lock; Multiple electrical functions fail simultaneously; Abnormal noise from instrument panel area
Repairs/costs cited: BCM replacement diagnosed but not performed in some cases due to cost or unavailable parts.
Power window failure (intermittent then complete)
Power windows fail to operate or operate intermittently, starting with one window then spreading to others. Both front windows eventually stop responding; rear windows also affected.
When: Shortly after warranty expiration; widespread failure pattern within same vehicle
Symptoms owners cite: Windows won't roll up after being rolled down; Progression from passenger side to all windows; Both front windows fail to roll down; Rear windows also affected; Intermittent operation before complete failure
Repairs/costs cited: Some owners cite correlation with trunk lid wiring issues; fixing trunk harness wires resolved some window issues in other cases.
Trunk lid latch failure and false 'Luggage Compartment Open' warnings
Trunk latch fails, rendering trunk unusable. Broken wires in trunk harness cause false 'Luggage Compartment Lid Open' warning messages on dash, accompanied by constant beeping. Trunk release buttons (key fob and interior) do not work. License plate light also affected.
When: Variable timing; one owner drove 3 months before identifying wiring as source
Symptoms owners cite: Trunk will not latch or unlock; Trunk release (key fob and manual) non-functional; Constant beeping when shifting into Drive/Reverse; 'Luggage Compartment Lid Open' warning on dash display; Warning remains on entire drive; License plate light flickers or dims; Parking lights remain on despite door locks (battery drain); All symptoms resolve after trunk harness wires are repaired
Repairs/costs cited: Root cause: broken/frayed wires in trunk harness. Owners report fixing wires themselves with soldering or reattaching with reduced tension resolved all associated symptoms. Professional wire repair also successful.
Brake lamp bulb fault due to trunk harness wiring
Brake and tail lights fail intermittently or completely due to brittle, frayed wires in trunk lid harness. After repeated trunk openings, wires become brittle, lose connection, and fault. Warning appears on dash but lights may still illuminate sporadically.
When: Progressive; worsens with trunk use over time
Symptoms owners cite: 'Brake Lamp Bulb Fault' warning on dash; Tail lights fail to illuminate; Brake lights fail intermittently or completely; Lights may sporadically illuminate then fail again; Wires in trunk harness visibly brittle or frayed; Problem appears on startup and can recur randomly while driving
Codes mentioned: Brake Lamp Bulb Fault
Repairs/costs cited: Owners report cutting and resoldering or reattaching wires with reduced tension as workaround. Professional repair of harness necessary for permanent fix.
Fuel gauge malfunction and false readings
Fuel gauge gives inaccurate readings, showing full when tank is partially empty or reading increasing while fuel is consumed. Multiple false readings lead to unexpected fuel depletion and stalls.
When: Variable timing; can occur within first year of ownership
Symptoms owners cite: Fuel gauge reads higher than actual fuel level; Gauge shows full when tank is not full; Gauge moves erratically (jumping up and down); Vehicle runs out of fuel despite gauge showing 1/4 tank or higher; Engine stalls due to fuel depletion with false gauge reading
Repairs/costs cited: One case diagnosed as warped fuel tank requiring replacement. Issue recurred post-repair despite tank replacement.
Shift indicator failure and transmission engagement issues
Shift indicator on dashboard does not display current gear position (appears blank or does not highlight), even when shifter is moved. Car may not engage transmission despite shifter moved to Drive or Reverse. Incline Assist warning triggered alongside transmission issues.
When: Variable; one case occurred after battery replacement
Symptoms owners cite: Shift indicator shows no gear highlighted on dash; Shifter moved but transmission does not engage; Car acts as if in Neutral despite shifter in Drive/Reverse; Incline Assist warning appears; Traction Control alert illuminated; Issue resolves briefly after engine restart
Codes mentioned: Incline Assist failure, Traction Control alert
Repairs/costs cited: Battery replacement attempted but did not resolve underlying TCM issue.
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: Ford dealer denied hearing of this issue despite multiple online reports from owners.
Sync/infotainment system malfunction (Bluetooth, audio, phone connectivity)
MyFordTouch Sync system fails to work properly. Bluetooth connectivity poor; phone calls cannot be heard or understood. Navigation, traffic, and operator directions do not function while driving. System intermittently powers off in quadrants or resets.
When: Variable; one case after dealership service attempted by Ford engineer
Symptoms owners cite: Incoming calls inaudible when using Bluetooth from car speakers; Navigation and traffic directions unavailable while moving; Operator assistance unavailable; Directions work only when vehicle is stationary; Dashboard screen quadrants lose power then slowly restore; System resets after brief improvement following dealer service
Repairs/costs cited: Visited dealership multiple times; Ford engineer escalated involvement but issue temporarily improved then recurred. Dealership stated nothing more could be done.
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: No permanent fix provided despite engineering escalation.
Fuel system and exhaust component recalls with parts unavailability
Vehicle subject to fuel system and exhaust recalls but parts on backorder for extended periods, leaving owners unable to complete warranty repairs.
When: Recall issued but parts unavailable for months
Symptoms owners cite: Recall issued but no parts available; Multi-month delays in obtaining recall parts; Vehicle unsafe condition during waiting period
Codes mentioned: NHTSA Campaign 18V735000 (fuel system)
Repairs/costs cited: One owner waited 2+ months for transmission-related parts on backorder without resolution.
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: Ford issued recalls (e.g., 15N03 for high voltage harness on Focus BEV) but parts remain unavailable.
Engine stalling and losing power while accelerating or in traffic
Engine loses power, stalls, or fails to accelerate when driver presses gas pedal. Occurs without warning, sometimes in dangerous traffic situations (intersections, highways). May restart after turning off and back on.
When: Variable; incidents reported at 20 mph, highway speeds, and intersections
Symptoms owners cite: Engine loses power during acceleration; Car stalls mid-drive without warning; Revved RPMs but no acceleration response; Loss of power brakes during stall; Gas pedal becomes unresponsive; Parking Assist Failure warning sometimes precedes stall; All dashboard lights may illuminate during event
Codes mentioned: Service Engine light, Parking Assist Failure warning
Repairs/costs cited: Dealers unable to diagnose or replicate issues in service bay. Software updates provided but do not prevent failure recurrence.
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: Software update offered to illuminate check engine light before failure (not a true fix). No permanent solution provided.
Focus Electric (BEV) 'Stop Safely Now' warning and power loss
2012 Ford Focus Electric experiences 'Stop Safely Now' message followed by immediate loss of all drivetrain power and ability to accelerate. Occurs while driving at low speed or highway speeds. High-voltage wiring harness defect is root cause (recall 15N03).
When: After unplugging from charger; variable timing, recurring after initial 'repair'
Symptoms owners cite: 'Stop Safely Now' message appears on dash; Immediate loss of drivetrain power; Vehicle cannot accelerate; Vehicle stops responding while in traffic or at low speed; Driver must coast to safe stop; Issue recurs months to years after recall repair; Mechanical warning windows appear on dash and repeat
Codes mentioned: High-voltage wiring harness fault
Repairs/costs cited: Recall 15N03 (2014) addressed high-voltage harness; however, repair is temporary. One owner reports issue still recurring after repair with only 1-year warranty on replacement harness.
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: Ford recall 15N03 issued but fix did not resolve issue permanently. Ford refuses to recall again, claiming issue was 'fixed' and harness warranty expired after 1 year.
Charging port and electrical charger overheating/melting
Home charging station (Bosch Power Xpress 240V) and vehicle charge inlet port melt or overheat during charging, creating fire hazard. Charger contacts become molten, causing burn injury.
When: After months of charging; one incident during pre-conditioning in winter
Symptoms owners cite: Electrical smell of melted plastic during/after charging; Charger coupling melts at connection point; Vehicle charge inlet port melts; Charger contacts become molten plastic; Burning sensation on skin from touching melted contacts
Repairs/costs cited: Ford replaced charge port under warranty (3/28/14). Bosch replaced charger under warranty (claim accepted 4/11/14).
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: Ford warranty covered charge port replacement; Bosch warranty covered charger replacement. However, systematic risk of overheating not addressed.
Focus Electric battery coolant system failure
Battery cooling system fails to regulate temperature. Cooling system stays on continuously and fails to lower battery temperature, even when unplugged. Multiple component replacements required but issue persists.
When: 75,000 miles
Symptoms owners cite: Cooling system runs continuously without temperature decrease; Battery temperature remains high; Dashboard 'house message' warns 'hot outside, plug in vehicle' despite proper charging; Issue persists across multiple repair attempts
Repairs/costs cited: Multiple repairs attempted: (1) AC compressor replacement, (2) battery coolant pump and filter replacement, (3) refrigerant refill and testing, (4) battery chiller block and refrigerant line replacement, (5) coolant filter replacement. Root cause identified as battery coolant diverter valve malfunction.
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: Manufacturer informed of failure; no resolution provided through warranty repairs.
Idle quality issues and engine hesitation (jerking, stalling, low idle)
Engine idles roughly, jerks, or nearly stalls at idle. RPM drops very low. Car hesitates or lurches when starting from stopped position, particularly during turns or slow acceleration.
When: Various mileages; can occur soon after engine replacement
Symptoms owners cite: Rough idle with shaking/vibration; RPM drops very low at idle (nearly stalls); Engine hesitation when starting from stop; Jerking or lurching on slow acceleration, especially in turns; Must take off slowly to avoid stall; fast acceleration causes stall/jerk
Repairs/costs cited: One owner replaced engine but issue persisted, suggesting underlying control module rather than mechanical engine problem.
Defective transmission clutch with extended warranty but repeated failures
Transmission clutch is defective and requires replacement. Ford issued letter acknowledging replacement part was defective and may need re-replacement, extending warranty to 100,000 miles. Despite warranty extension, clutch fails again requiring repeated replacements.
When: Within first few years; 51,095 miles first failure on one owner
Symptoms owners cite: Transmission shudder; Jerking/hesitation during acceleration; Loss of transmission engagement
Codes mentioned: Transmission clutch shudder
Repairs/costs cited: Ford customer satisfaction program 14M01 addressed clutch shudder with transmission component replacement (seals, clutch). Extended warranty to 100,000 miles. Despite replacement and extension, same failure symptoms recurred at 60,000 miles (less than 10,000 miles post-repair).
Recalls/TSBs owners mention: Ford issued customer satisfaction program 14M01 with extended warranty, but program is inadequate—same issue recurs despite 'fix' and warranty coverage.
Dimming interior and exterior lighting (dome lights, license plate lights, backup lights)
Interior dome lights dim below normal brightness. License plate lights flicker or fail entirely. Backup lights do not function at all.
When: Variable timing
Symptoms owners cite: Interior dome lights much dimmer than normal; License plate light flickers or is dim; Backup lights completely non-functional; Electrical system does not provide adequate power to lights
Engine cranking issue after battery replacement or electrical work
After battery replacement or electrical service, engine will not crank or turn over. Electrical systems function (radio, lights) but starter does not engage.
When: Immediately after or within days of electrical service/battery replacement
Symptoms owners cite: No crank or starter engagement after battery service; All electrical systems function normally; Engine will not turn over despite multiple attempts; Issue may resolve after extended wait or multiple restart attempts
Repairs/costs cited: Appears to be related to TCM or electrical configuration issue triggered by battery disconnect/service.
Synthesized from 208 NHTSA owner complaints — unverified consumer allegations, summarized for patterns. The verbatim filings appear below.
What owners are reporting 0 most recent
Had electrical trouble with your 2012 Ford Focus?
File a complaint with NHTSA → It's free, official, and how every report above got here — owner filings are the federal safety record this page is built on.
Common questions
How serious is the electrical problem on the 2012 Ford Focus?
It's a documented issue but not catastrophic. 208 complaints have been filed. Repairs average $850 and most owners catch it before it causes a breakdown.
At what mileage does the electrical typically fail?
Across the 160 complaints that reported odometer mileage, most electrical failures cluster between 40,000 and 96,000 miles, with the median around 68,000. A quarter of owners report trouble before 40,000; a quarter make it past 96,000. Maintenance history matters more than the odometer alone — this is the reported failure window, not a guarantee.
What does it cost to fix?
Independent shops typically charge around $850 for electrical repairs on this vehicle. Dealer pricing tends to run 20-40% higher. The exact figure depends on the specific failure mode, parts availability, and your local labor rates. If you're outside factory warranty, an extended service contract often covers this category.
Are there any recalls related to electrical?
No active recalls currently cover electrical issues on this vehicle. The complaints filed represent owner-reported failures that haven't risen to the level of a manufacturer-issued recall — but they're still worth knowing about before you buy or budget for repairs.
Related
Complaint and recall data sourced from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
public records database. Verify the raw federal record at
nhtsa.gov/vehicle/2012/Ford/Focus.
Severity ratings are derived from reported crashes, fires, injuries, and fatalities. Repair cost estimates are
independent-shop national averages and may differ in your area. Some links on this page are affiliate links.